Reinforced concrete pipe



Nov. 19, 1968 P. OSWEILER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE Filed Aug. 18, 1966 'ROBERT lJ-.KAHN ATTY.

United States Patent Office Patented Nov. 19, 1968 3,411,546 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE Paul L. Osweiler, Daytorl, Ohio, assignor to Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio, a corporation of Michigan Filed Aug. 18, 1966, Ser. No. 573,273 3 Claims. (Cl. 13S-175) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Large diameter concrete pipe has a cylindrical steel cage extending along the length of the pipe disposed within the concrete adjacent the inner pipe surface. An additional steel reinforcing cage of elliptical cross-section is provided within the concrete wall. The elliptical cage has its small diameter at the crown and invert of the pipe and the large diameter at the spring line of the pipe. The elliptical cage is within the concrete and at the spring line is adjacent to the outer pipe 'wall and at the crown and invert, the elliptical cage is near the inner pipe surface in contact with the circular cage. Disposed at the crown of the pipe, each subtending a total angle of about 60-70 is a group of steel stirrups rigidly anchored to the circular cage and extending toward the outer pipe wall. The stirrups extend the full length of the pipe and are symmetrically disposed with respect to the exact crown and invert of the pipe. On one side of the crown the stirrups tilt at about 35 to 45 away from a radii from the pipe axis. Similarly the stirrups on the other side of the crown tilt away at equal angles from radii from the pipe axis. The invert of the pipe is provided with corresponding two groups of stirrups disposed in the same fashion.

This invention relates to reinforced concrete pipe and, more particularly, to large diameter concrete pipe ranging in size from about 4 feet in diameter and particularly in the range of pipes having diameters from 9 feet to about 12 feet. The pipe embodying the present invention has steel reinforcement for the purpose of resisting external loading and is not adapted for handling uids under pressure. Such prestressed pipe is designated as pressure pipe and has prestressed steel reinforcement. The pipe embodying the present invention is free from prestressing and is generally used for sewers and culverts.

The pipe embodying the present invention is a modication of the pipe disclosed and claimed in my co-pending application S.N. 561,150, filed .Tune 28, 1966. The pipe to which the present invention relates is of the type having an elliptical steel cage within the pipe wall for reinforcement purposes. A pipe having such a reinforcement must be properly oriented when laid in its bed. Such a pipe has the elliptical cage so disposed that the minor axis of the cage is vertical and the major axis of the cage is horizontal. As a rule, such cage is normally disposed about 1 inch or 11/2 inches from the inner pipe surface at the minor :axis and about 1 inch or 11/2 inches from the outer surface at the major axis of the ca-ge ellipse. The pipe to which the invention is applicable will have a wall thickness between inner and outer pipe surfaces of at least about inches although in some cases, the invention may be applied beneficially to a thinner vwall when loading is abnormally high.

As is well known, when a concrete pipe is installed and under load, there is a tendency for the pipe to distort and assume an elliptical shape, the minor axis 'being vertical and passing through the crown and invert and the major axis being horizontal and being the spring line of the pipe. When a pipe has steel reinforcement in the form of a cage, whether elliptical or circular, the tendency for the pipe to distort results in the creation of powerful forces tending to straighten -the normally curved steel reinforcement at the crown and invert. This straightening tendency creates tensioning stresses in the concrete wall. at the crown and invert at the inner wall portions. Tension forces in the concrete at the crown and invert regions create power-ful forces for throwingoif the concrete from the inner portions of the pipe wall. The loads that produce stresses in the cage circumferential reinforcement also produce shear stresses at the crown and invert wall portions, such stresses tending to cause diagonal cracking of the pipe wall.

In accordance -with the present invention, I have provided supplementary reinforcement means for a cylindrical concrete pipe having an elliptical cage steel reinforcement. The objective of the supplementary reinforcement is to resist the forces that create diagonal cracking in the pipe wall from the shear loads and the radial tension of the circumferential steel reinforcement at the crown and invert portions of the pipe.

In accordance with the present invention, I have provided supplementary reinforcing means for a cylindrical concrete pipe having an elliptical cage steel reinforcement. The supplementary reinforcement in a pipe embodying the present invention provides for :an inner cage which is cylindrical and adjacent the inner surface of the pipe and also includes stirrups at the crown and invert regions for imparting reinforcement in depth to a substantial portion of the concrete wall at these two regions.

The invention will now be described in connection with the drawing wherein:

FIG. 1 is a length of pipe embodying the present invention, with parts broken away.

FIG. 2 is a transverse section on line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail of a portion of the crown reinforcement.

FIG. 4 is a section on line 4-4 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a sectional detail on line 5-5 of FIG. 2.

Concrete pipe 10 has inner cylindrical wall surface 11 and outer cylindrical wall surface 12. The diameter of a pipe may be within the range specified, the advantages accruing to ay structure embodying the invention increasing in value with the diameter of pipe. Disposed within the concrete is elliptical cage 15 of steel wire or rod. Cage 15 has coils 16 and longitudinal tie rods 17 for maintain-ing the coils in position. Coils 16 may either be separated elliptical coils spaced apart froml each other or may be a continuous length of steel Wire or rod to provide a helix having an elliptical shape. Inasmuch as such elliptical cages are old, no detailed description is necessary. As is well understood, the steel making up the cage has the various parts spot welded to form a unitary structure, and the cage as such is bonded to the concrete during the casting of the pipe.

Cage 15 is spaced from inner pipe wall 11 at the crown and invert at least 1 inch and possibly a bit more than 1 inch to accommodate the additional steel cage to be described. Cage 15 also comes within about 1 inch or 11/2 inches from the outer surface 12 of the pipe at the spring line.

Disposed within the concrete is auxiliary cage 20 which is generally cylindrical and is disposed Within the concrete at about 1 inch or 1% inches from inside pipe wall 11. The construction of cage 20 can follow the same general pattern as cage 15. The coils in the two cages register, particularly at the crown and invert regions so a radial metal strip can pass straight through coincident spaces. The spacing of the tie rods and the gauge of metal used in cages 15 and 20 will depend upon the stress requirements of a pipe and this, in turn, will involve pipe diameter, wall thickness, loading conditions and the like. At the crown and invert portions of the two cages, there will be regions 22 and 23 where the metal of the two cages, particularly the coil portions, will be in contact with each other and where such contacting coil portions can be welded at various spots. In order to permit the coil portions of inner circular cage 20 and elliptical cage to be in Contact at the C-rown :and invert, it is preferred to have the tie rods of cage 1S on the outside of the coils and the tie rods of cage on the inside. HOW- ever, except at regions 22 and 23 where the two cage coils are in contact, it makes no difference whether the tie rods of either cage are on the inside or the outside. For the sake of uniformity, the arrangement of tie rods on the ins-ide of cage 20 and the outside of cage 15 is convenient.

Auxiliary cage 20 carries a plurality of stirrups for reinforcing the crown and invert regions of the pipe wall. The angular extent of the stirrup Areinforcement is about 60 degrees or 70 degrees at each region, the angle be-ing measured from the center of a pipe (this being the intersection of the spring line and vertical axis) and points on cage 20 where the end stirrups are attached thereto. The angularly disposed reinforcing region is symmetrically disposed with reference to the vertical axis so that the extent of the stirrup reinforcement runs about degrees to degrees from each side of the vertical axis.

Symmetrically disposed with reference to the vertical axis are stirrups 28 and 32 inclusive forming one group of spaced stirrups and stirrups 28' and 32 forming another group on opposite sides of the vertical axis. The number and spacing of the stirrups making up the crown region reinforcement will depend upon a stress analysis of the pipe and can be varied to suit specifications and conditions. Each stirrup is disposed at an angle to the radius, the angle being about 35 degrees and inclined away from the nearest part of the vertical axis. The angular spacing between adjacent stirrups in each group need not necessarily be uniform.

Similarly at the pipe invert are groups of stirrups 33 to 37 inclusive on one side and 33 to 37 inclusive on the other side of the vertical axis. While in theory the stress in the concrete wall at the invert is somewhat greater than at the crown, due to the weight of the pipe, apart from loading on the pipe, in practice the number and spacing of the stirrups can be the` same at the top and bottom based upon maximum ca-lculated stresses for the invert wall portion.

All stirrups have similar constructions and will now be described in connection with FIGS. l and 4. Each stirrup consists of a sinusous continuous length of steel rod having inner bight portions 40a, 4012, etc. and outer bight portions 41a, 41b, etc. between which are generally straight connecting portions 42a, 42b, etc. Inner bight portions 40, 40a, etc. enfold the inside coil portions of inner cage 20 (this being the portion of the steel reinforcement which is closest to inner wall 11 of the pipe), and is welded thereto at desired intervals. A stirrup has a bight portion enfolding every coil of auxiliary cage 20. However, it is not necessary that every inner bight be welded to every coil since in practice welding every 12 inches or so will generally suice.

The objective of the welding procedure as far v as stirrups are concerned is simply to maintain the stirrups in the position illustrated in FIG. 2 until after casting. These stirrups extend at an angle of about 35 degrees to a radius from the center point. The slope is away from the nearest part of the vertical axis. It is important that the stirrups be so disposed that the inner bights enfold the cage coils as illustrated and not be disposed along the outside of the coils even if welded thereto. In the latter case, the failure of a weld will render a stirrup valueless.

Each stirrup extends straight along the length of a pipe and the outer bight portions and straight connecting portions 42a, 42h, etc. extend away from cage 20 but at an angle of about 35 degrees as hereinbefore set forth.

The extent of straight portions 42a, 4217, etc. is such that outer -bights 41a, 41b, etc. go up to within about 1 inch of outer pipe surface 12. It has been found that such stirrup reinforcement extending for most of the wall thickness provides a high degree of reinforcement against any cracks which would normally originate at the crown and invert parts of inner surface 11 and extend generally outwardly.

Any cracks in the concrete pipe wall at the crown or invert regions will normally start from the inner pipe surface and extend outwardly for a short distance in a generally radial direction and then begin to curve over toward the vertical axis. Thus stirrups disposed in accordance with the invention will intersect any cracks which may form and begin to curve toward the vertical axis extending between the crown and invert. It is understood, of course, that the vertical axis is part of a vertical plane extending for the length of a pipe and that the continuous stirrups extending for the length of a pipe function to stop the development of cracks.

The outer bight portions of each stirrup pass through the registering spaces Ibetween coils of the elliptical and cylindrical cages. It is thus necessary to so position the two cages that at least at the crown and invert regions where stirrups are provided, the coils and spaces between coils in the two cages generally register.

It has been found that the anchorage of the outwardly extending stirrups in the outer portions of the concrete wall at both the crown and invert regions (where the concrete is in compression) is sufficiently good so that the stirrup inner bi ght portions support the steel of the cages at the crown and invert regions against inward movement toward the pipe axis which tendency generally results in putting the concrete in tension. The amount of steel necessary for cages and stirrups can he determined lby general engineering analysis of the pipe under specified loads, It is essential that the outer bights of the stirrups extend to about an inch of the outer pipe surface. This, together with the interlocking of cage coils and stirrup inner bights, provides excellent reinforcement.

In the co-pending application of Lewis R. Keyser filed concurrently, the stirrups extend radially out. With the 35 degree slope of stirrups, it is necessary to use heavier steel than with the radial disposition of stirrups. However, a construction as disclosed herein provides excellent reinforcement.

What is claimed is:

1. A concrete pipe construction for use in sewers and culverts wherein said pipe has a diameter of at least about 4 feet and a wall thickness of at least about 5 inches, said construction having an outer steel reinforcing cage including longitudinal rods and generally elliptical coils spaced along the length of the pipe, an inner cage having longitudinal rods and generally circular coils spaced along the length of the pipe, said inner cage having such a diameter that said inner cage and outer cage are substantially tangent along the plane extending for the length of the pipe and bisecting the same and being generally vertical when the pipe is laid, the elliptical cage major axis being in a generally horizontal plane defining spring lines, said two cages having registering intercoil spaces, and additional steel reinforcement at the crown and invert pipe regions, said additional steel reinforcement subtending an angle of about 60 degrees to 70 degrees at each of the aforementioned regions, said additional reinforcement consisting of steel stirrups having a sinuous shape but extending longitudinally of the pipe, each sinuous stirrup having an inner bight portion which enfolds at least each coil of the inner cage and wherein the outer bight portion extends outwardly at an angle of about 35 degrees to a radius from the pipe axis from the inner bight portion, the stirrups being inclined away from the nearest part of the vertical axis, all the steel being wholly within the concrete wall and bonded thereto, said inner bight portions being spaced from the inner pipe wall about an inch and said stirrups 5 extending toward the outer pipe Wall to within about an inch thereof, said stirrups providing reinforcement at the crown and invert regions by virtue of the outer portions of the stirrups ybeing anchored in pipe wall portions which ae'normally -under compression when the pipe is in use.

2. The construction according to claim 1 wherein the rods on the elliptical cage, at least at the regions where stirrup reinforcement is provided, are on the outside of the coils and wherein the rods on the inner cage are on the inside of the coils whereby the coils themselves can be in contact at the crown and invert.

3. The construction according to claim 1 wherein said strrups are welded at their inner bights to less than al1 inner cage coils.

No references cited.

SAMUEL ROTHBERG, Primary Examiner.

BRADFORD KILE, Assistant Examiner. 

